Plans of Jamál Páshá, the [Ottoman] commander-in-chief in Syria, for Bahá’u’lláh and ‘Abdu’l-Bahá

…Jamál Páshá, the commander-in-chief in Syria—he who had sworn to raze to the ground, after his triumphant return from Egypt, the Tomb of Bahá’u’lláh, and to publicly crucify the Center of His Covenant in a public square of Constantinople…

- Shoghi Effendi (‘The Promised Day Is Come’)

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Ahmed Djemal Pasha (1872–1922) was a prominent Ottoman military leader and one of the "Three Pashas" ruling the empire during World War I. As Commander of the Fourth Army in Greater Syria (1914–1917), he was a brutal autocrat known as al-Saffah ("the Bloodthirsty") for executing Arab nationalists, forcing deportations, and overseeing severe food shortages that caused mass famine.